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<title>Machine tool builder</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Machine tool builder</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>machine tool builder</b> is a <a href="Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> or person that builds <a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, usually for sale to <a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturers</a>, who use them to manufacture products. A machine tool builder runs a <a href="Machine_factory" title="Machine factory">machine factory</a>, which is part of the <a href="Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">machine industry</a>.

</p><p>The machine tools often make <a href="Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a>, which are assembled into subassemblies or finished assemblies, ending up sold to <a href="Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>, either directly or <a href="Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">through other businesses</a> at intermediate links of a <a href="Value_added" title="Value added">value-adding chain</a>. Alternatively, the machine tools may help make <a href="Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molds</a> or <a href="Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a>, which then make the parts for the assemblies.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>The term "machine tool builder" implies a company that builds machine tools for sale to other companies, who then use them to manufacture subsequent products. Macroeconomically, machine tools are only means to ends (with the ends being the manufactured products); they are not the ends themselves. Thus it is in the nature of machine tools that there is a spectrum of relationships between their builders, their users, and the end users of the products that they make.

</p><p>There is always natural potential for the machine tool users to be the same people as the builders, or to be different people who occupy an intermediate position in the value stream. Markets often have some proclivity for circumventing such a position, although the proclivity is often not absolute. Every variant on the spectrum of relationships has found some instances of empirical embodiment; and over the centuries, trends can be seen for which variants predominated in each era, as described below.

</p><p>Machine tool builders tend not to be in the business of using the machine tools to manufacture the subsequent products (although exceptions,

including chaebol and keiretsu, do exist); and product manufacturers tend not to be in the business of building machine tools. In fact, many machine tool builders are not even in the business of building the control system (typically <a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">CNC</a>) that animates the machine; and makers of controls tend not to be in the machine building business (or to inhabit only specialized niches within it).

</p><p>For example, <a href="FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a> and <a href="Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> make controls that are sold to many machine tool builders. Each segment tends to find that crossing into other segments involves becoming a conglomerate of dissimilar businesses, which is an execution headache that they don't need as long as focusing on a narrower field is often more profitable in net effect anyway. This trend can be compared to the trend in which companies choose not to compete against their own distributors. Thus a software company may have an online store, but that store does not undercut the distributors' stores on price.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The machine tool industry began gradually in the early nineteenth century with individual toolmakers who innovated in machine tool design and building. The ones that history remembers best include <a href="Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a>, <a href="Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>, <a href="Joseph_Clement" title="Joseph Clement">Joseph Clement</a>, <a href="James_Nasmyth" title="James Nasmyth">James Nasmyth</a>, <a href="Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Matthew Murray</a>, <a href="Elisha_K._Root" title="Elisha K. Root">Elisha K. Root</a>, Frederick W. Howe, Stephen Fitch, J.D. Alvord, Frederick W. Howe, Richard S. Lawrence, Henry D. Stone, <a href="Christopher_Miner_Spencer" title="Christopher Miner Spencer">Christopher M. Spencer</a>, <a href="Amos_Whitney" title="Amos Whitney">Amos Whitney</a>, and <a href="Francis_A._Pratt" title="Francis A. Pratt">Francis A. Pratt</a>.

</p><p>The industry then grew into the earliest corporate builders such as <a href="Brown_%26_Sharpe" title="Brown & Sharpe">Brown & Sharpe</a>, the <a href="Warner_%26_Swasey_Company" title="Warner & Swasey Company">Warner & Swasey Company</a>, and the <a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney_Measurement_Systems" title="Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems">original Pratt & Whitney company</a>. In all of these cases, there were product manufacturers who started building machine tools to suit their own inhouse needs, and eventually found that machine tools had become product lines in their own right. (In cases such as B&S and P&W, they became the main or sole product lines.)

</p><p>In contrast, <a href="Colt's_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt</a> and <a href="Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> are good examples of product manufacturers that made significant advances in machine tool building while serving their own inhouse needs, but never became "machine tool builders" in the sense of having machine tools become the products that they sold. National-Acme was an example of a manufacturer and a machine tool builder merging into one company and selling both the machines and the products that they made (<a href="Automatic_lathe" title="Automatic lathe">screw machines</a> and fasteners).<sup id="cite_ref-Rose1990pp564-565_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose1990pp564-565-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ro|lt1965pp169-170_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ro|lt1965pp169-170-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a> and <a href="Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> are <a href="Chaebol" title="Chaebol">chaebol</a> and <a href="Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a> conglomerates (respectively), and their interests cover from ore mine to end user (in actuality if not always nominally).

</p><p>Until the 1970s, machine tool builder corporations could generally be said to have nationality, and thus it made sense to talk about an American machine tool builder, a German one, or a Japanese one. Since the 1970s, the industry has <a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">globalized</a> to the point that assigning nationality to the corporations becomes progressively more meaningless as one travels down the timeline leading up to the present day; currently, most machine tool builders are (or are <a href="Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiaries</a> of) <a href="Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> or <a href="Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerates</a>. With these companies it is enough to say "multinational corporation based in country X", "multinational corporation founded in country X", etc. Subcategories such as "American machine tool builders" or "Japanese machine tool builders" would be senseless because, for example, companies like <a href="Hardinge%2C_Inc." title="Hardinge, Inc.">Hardinge</a> and <a href="Yamazaki_Mazak_Corporation" title="Yamazaki Mazak Corporation">Yamazaki Mazak</a> today have significant operations in many countries.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_associations">Trade associations</h2></div>

<p>Machine tool builders have long had <a href="Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade associations</a>, which have helped with such tasks as establishing industry standards, <a href="Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> (of legislatures and, more often, import-and-export-regulating <a href="Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">agencies</a>), and training programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1989_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the National Machine Tool Builders' Association (NMTBA) was the trade association of U.S. machine tool builders for many decades, and it helped establish standards such as the NMTB <a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">machine taper</a> series (which made toolholders interchangeable between the different brands of machine on a typical machine shop floor). It has since been merged into the <a href="Association_for_Manufacturing_Technology" title="Association for Manufacturing Technology">Association for Manufacturing Technology</a> (AMT). Other examples have included CECIMO (European Machine Tool Industry Association), the UK's <a href="Associated_British_Machine_Tool_Makers" title="Associated British Machine Tool Makers">ABMTM</a>, MTTA, and <a href="Manufacturing_Technologies_Association" title="Manufacturing Technologies Association">MTA</a>, and the Japan Machine Tool Builders' Association (JMTBA).<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1989_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Just as machine tool builders have long had trade associations, so have machine tool distributors (dealers). Examples have been the American Machine Tool Distributors’ Association (AMTDA) and the Japan Machine Tool Trade Association (JMTTA).<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1989_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades the builders' and distributors' associations have cooperated on shared interests to the extent that some of them have merged. For example, the former NMTBA and AMTDA have merged into the AMT.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_shows">Trade shows</h2></div>

<p>Major trade shows of the industry include IMTS (<a href="International_Manufacturing_Technology_Show" title="International Manufacturing Technology Show">International Manufacturing Technology Show</a>, formerly called the International Machine Tool Show) and <a href="EMO_(trade_show)" title="EMO (trade show)">EMO</a> (French <i>Exposition Mondiale de la Machine Outil</i>, English "Machine Tool World Exposition"). There are also many smaller trade shows concentrating on specific geographical regions (for example, the Western US, the mid-Atlantic US, the Ruhr Valley, or the Tokyo region) or on specific industries (such as shows tailored especially to the <a href="Moldmaker" title="Moldmaker">moldmaking</a> industry).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_studies_of_machine_tool_building">Historical studies of machine tool building</h2></div>

<p>In the early 20th century, <a href="Joseph_Wickham_Roe" title="Joseph Wickham Roe">Joseph Wickham Roe</a> wrote a seminal classic of machine tool history, <i>English and American Tool Builders</i> (1916),<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is extensively cited by later works. About 20 years later Roe published a biography of <a href="James_Hartness" title="James Hartness">James Hartness</a> (1937)<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1937_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1937-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that also contains some general history of the industry. In 1947, <a href="Fred_H._Colvin" title="Fred H. Colvin">Fred H. Colvin</a> published a memoir, <i>Sixty Years with Men and Machines</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colvin1947_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colvin1947-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.

</p><p><a href="L._T._C._Rolt" title="L. T. C. Rolt">L. T. C. Rolt</a>'s 1965 monograph, <i>A Short History of Machine Tools</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rolt1965_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolt1965-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a widely read classic, as are the series of monographs that Robert S. Woodbury published during the 1960s, which were collected into a volume in 1972 as <i>Studies in the History of Machine Tools</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodbury1972_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1970, <a href="Wayne_Moore_(swimmer)" title="Wayne Moore (swimmer)">Wayne R. Moore</a> wrote about the Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, who independently invented the <a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">jig borer</a> (contemporaneously with its Swiss invention). Moore's monograph, <i>Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1970_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible <a href="Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a> in machine tools (second only to that of <a href="Metrology" title="Metrology">metrological</a> machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the <a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">tool and die maker</a>.

</p><p><a href="David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">David F. Noble</a>'s <i>Forces of Production</i> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-Noble1984_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble1984-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC. Also in 1984, <a href="David_A._Hounshell" title="David A. Hounshell">David A. Hounshell</a> published <i>From the American System to Mass Production</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hounshell1984_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hounshell1984-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. It does not concentrate on listing firm names and sales statistics (which Floud's 1976 monograph<sup id="cite_ref-Floud1976_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floud1976-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focuses on) but rather is extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the thinking behind the intermediate steps. It is extensively cited by later works.

</p><p>In 1989, Holland published a history, <i>When the Machine Stopped</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1989_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is most specifically about Burgmaster (which specialized in turret drills); but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer <a href="Houdaille_Industries" title="Houdaille Industries">Houdaille</a>, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era (Noble 1984)<sup id="cite_ref-Noble1984_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble1984-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a seminal history. It was later republished under the title <i>From Industry to Alchemy</i>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">Machine industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_factory" title="Machine factory">Machine factory</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li>

<li>Machine tool builders</li>

<li><a href="Multimachine" title="Multimachine">Multimachine</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Holland1989-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1989_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1989_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1989_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1989_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland1989">Holland 1989</a>.</span>

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</li>

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<li id="cite_note-Colvin1947-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colvin1947_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColvin1947">Colvin 1947</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Woodbury1972-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodbury1972_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1972">Woodbury 1972</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Moore1970-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1970_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1970">Moore 1970</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Noble1984-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noble1984_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noble1984_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoble1984">Noble 1984</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Hounshell1984-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hounshell1984_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHounshell1984">Hounshell 1984</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Floud1976-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Floud1976_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloud2006">Floud 2006</a>.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFColvin1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="Fred_H._Colvin" title="Fred H. Colvin">Colvin, Fred H.</a> (1947), <i>Sixty Years with Men and Machines</i>, New York and London: McGraw-Hill, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/47003762">47003762</a></cite>. Available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-917914-86-7</bdi>). Foreword by <a href="Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Ralph Flanders</a>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFloud2006" class="citation cs2">Floud, Roderick C. (2006) [1976], <i>The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850-1914</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-02555-3</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006275684">2006275684</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70251252">70251252</a></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHolland1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="Max_Holland" title="Max Holland">Holland, Max</a> (1989), <i>When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America</i>, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87584-208-0</bdi>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246343673">246343673</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHounshell1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_A._Hounshell" title="David A. Hounshell">Hounshell, David A.</a> (1984), <i>From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States</i>, Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8018-2975-8</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83016269">83016269</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104810110">1104810110</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoore1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="Wayne_Moore_(swimmer)" title="Wayne Moore (swimmer)">Moore, Wayne R.</a> (1970), <i>Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy</i> (1st ed.), Bridgeport, Connecticut, US: Moore Special Tool Co., <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73127307">73127307</a></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoble1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">Noble, David F.</a> (1984), <i>Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation</i>, New York, New York, US: Knopf, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-394-51262-4</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83048867">83048867</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoe1916" class="citation cs2"><a href="Joseph_Wickham_Roe" title="Joseph Wickham Roe">Roe, Joseph Wickham</a> (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage"><i>English and American Tool Builders</i></a>, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16011753">16011753</a></cite>. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (<a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/27024075">27-24075</a>); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-917914-73-7</bdi>).</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoe1937" class="citation cs2">Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064575577;view=1up;seq=9"><i>James Hartness: A Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best</i></a>, New York: <a href="American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/37016470">37016470</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3456642">3456642</a>.</cite> link from <a href="HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRolt1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="L._T._C._Rolt" title="L. T. C. Rolt">Rolt, L. T. C.</a> (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_short_history_of_machine_tools.html?id=1dhSAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Short History of Machine Tools</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250074">250074</a></cite>. Co-edition published as <cite id="CITEREFRolt1965" class="citation cs2">Rolt, L. T. C. (1965), <i>Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools</i>, London: B. T. Batsford, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65080822">65080822</a></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRose1990" class="citation cs2">Rose, William (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IT1NVT1vEwUC&q=Reinhold%20Hakewessel&pg=PA564"><i>Cleveland: the making of a city</i></a>, Kent State University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87338-428-5</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJerome1934" class="citation cs2">Jerome, Harry (1934), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/books/jero34-1">"Mechanization in Industry"</a>, <i>NBER</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: US National Bureau of Economic Research.</cite></li>

<li>Ryder, Thomas and Son, <i>Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968</i>, a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWoodbury1972" class="citation cs2">Woodbury, Robert S. (1972), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinhistory00robe"><i>Studies in the History of Machine Tools</i></a></span>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and London, England: MIT Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-73033-4</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72006354">72006354</a></cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metalworking238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Machining_and_computing354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Machining and computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer-aided<br>engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">Numerical control (NC and CNC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling and<br>threading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li>

<li><a href="Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grinding and<br>lapping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_testing" title="Spark testing">Spark testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">Boring</a></li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">Electrochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron-beam_machining" title="Electron-beam machining">Electron-beam machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li>

<li><a href="Facing_(machining)" title="Facing (machining)">Facing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hobbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">Photochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">Ultrasonic machining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machine tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">Cutting fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Speeds_and_feeds" title="Speeds and feeds">Speeds and feeds</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">Tool and die making</a></li>

<li><a href="Tramp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp oil">Tramp oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Workpiece" title="Workpiece">Workpiece</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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